Answers to Homework #6 - 951 Words

The questions below draw on the material in Chapter 11 and the associated lecture material. 1. What distinguishes money from other assets in the economy? Money is the most liquid asset. 2. What is commodity money? What is fiat money? Which kind do we use? Commodity money may be used for other purposes. Fiat money is useful only as money. 3. What are demand deposits? Why should they be included in the stock of money? Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts that can be accessed on demand by writing a check. They are money, since they are generally accepted as a medium of exchange. 4. Which of the following are money in the U.S. economy? Which are not? Explain your answers by discussing each in terms of the three functions of†¦show more content†¦a Fed purchase of US government securities from the public AR (+) RR rise by a fraction of the increase in AR ER (+) 8. Suppose that the Fed buys $2 million in US government securities from Alexander, a private bond trader. a. Use balance sheets to show the effects of this transaction on the appropriate accounts of a commercial bank and the Federal Reserve. FR CB Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities US gov sec CB Deposits Dep at FR Checking Dep + 2m + 2 m + 2 m +2m b. Assuming a required reserve ratio of 10% and a banking system that is fully loaned up initially, show the effects on AR, RR, and ER. AR +2,000,000 RR +200,000 ER + 1,800,000 c. What is the maximum possible expansion in the money supply from new commercial bank lending? 1/.1 x 1.8m = 18m d. What is the total change in the money supply, including both the Fed purchase and the lending by banks? Fed purchase + bank lending = Total change 2m + 18m = 20m 9. Why can=t the Fed control the money supply with perfect precision? First, the Fed cannot directly control the lending activity of banks. In particular, banks may choose to hold more excess reserves (as loan-loss reserves or to cash paychecks, for example) and not increase their lending activity. Second, the Fed cannot control the amount of funds that households choose to hold as deposits in banks. Should people choose to hold more cash, the reserves of the banking system would fall and less moneyShow MoreRelatedWeek 3 Aib Problem Solutions726 Words   |  3 PagesAIB Homework Problem Solutions Problem 1 The following data were obtained from a project to create a new portable electronic. Activity A B C D E F G H I Duration 5 Days 6 Days 8 Days 4 Days 3 Days 5 Days 5 Days 9 Days 12 Days Predecessors ------A, B C D E, F D G Step 1: Construct a network diagram for the project. (NOTE: EF for activity H should be 19) March 2014 1 AIB Homework Problem Solutions Step 2: Answer the following questions: (15 points total) Read MoreEnglish Lit 13021282 Words   |  6 PagesHomework Questions Homework 1 1. Discuss â€Å"Cathedral† in terms of James Joyce’s theory of epiphany (in the fiction section). What is the epiphany in the story? Who has it? How does the epiphany relate to the title? 2. Discuss the importance of tone in the story â€Å"Cathedral,† particularly the narrator’s tone. How does the tone affect the reader’s perception of theme? How does it enhance the epiphany? 3. Why is the meeting between Mala and Mrs. Croft in â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† a significantRead MoreHomework Isn’t The Answer 662 Words   |  3 PagesHomework Isn’t The Answer Prioritize; this is an idea that I was taught to make use of at a very young age. I was instructed to analyze what was on my agenda and decide what task had the most value at that current time. It is an unrealistic idea for college bound students to be able to complete all of the â€Å"home learning† as well as all of our other daily expectations. Over the last ten years, children in grades 3-12 have seen assigned homework increase up to 40%. I personally haveRead MoreScavenger Hunt922 Words   |  4 Pagesday(s) of each week are Chapter homework assignments always due? Chapter homework assignments are always due on Thursdays and Sundays. Furthermore, discussions are due every Tuesday. 4.   What is the time deadline (hour:minutes, AM or PM) for the Portal assignments to be submitted? Homework is due at 10 PM. 5.   On Canvas, under Navigating the Portal, what are the two Cautions that are listed? The portal times out after 2 hours so students need to save their homework as they go along to ensureRead MoreComp3511 Hw1 Solution1136 Words   |  5 PagesFall 2011 COMP 3511 Homework Assignment #1 Solution Handout Date: Sept. 22, 2011 Due Date: Oct. 6, 2011 Name: ______________ ID: ___________________ E-Mail: _____________ COMP 3511 L __ Please read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions: ï  ¬ You should finish the homework assignment individually. ï  ¬ There are a total of 4 questions. ï  ¬ When you write your answers, please try to be precise and concise. ï  ¬ Fill in your name, student ID, email and Section number at the topRead MoreMat 510 Mat510 Week 8 Case Study 2: Improving E-Mail Marketing Response683 Words   |  3 Pagescom/q/mat-510-mat510-week-8-homework-case-study-discussi/20075 http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-mat510-week-8-homework-case-study-discussi/20075 Select one (1) project from your working or educational environment that you would apply the DOE technique for the work process. Next, analyze the overall manner in which you would utilize DOE to manage and improve the work process of the project in question. Provide a rationale for your response.   MAT 510 MAT510 Week 8 Homework Assignment 7 http://workbank247Read MoreComparing Classroom Management Techniques And Students1197 Words   |  5 PagesLoveland, Colorado. There were 26 students in the class sitting in a 6 by 5 grid of single desks. A school wide bell signified the start and end of each class period, although Wittstruck (which is how the students referred to the teacher) turned the lights off to quite the students and to get their attention that class was starting. He began the class by joking with the students while asking the students to get their homework out. He also wrote the class objective on the board. Wittstruck verbalizedRead MoreSir Ken Robinson s Video994 Words   |  4 Pageseight hours just to listen to someone lecture. Teachers do all the work for the students instead of having them do it in class, and then expect the students to do the homework. Robinson believes that students learn better by them doing the activity because one: it is less boring. Secondly, it helps them when it comes to doing homework. Thirdly, it is a better way to learn by having the children interact in class. The students are punished for not paying attention even though it is not their fault.Read MoreResearch Report Analysis And Critique1465 Words   |  6 PagesReport Analysis and Critique ATTACH A COPY OF THE ARTICLE TO THIS FORM. Author: Mollie Galloway, Jerusha Conner, and Denise Pope Title: Nonacademic Effects of Homework in Privileged, High-Performing High Schools Source: The Journal of Experimental Education Galloway, M., Conner, J., Pope, D. (2013). Nonacademic effects of homework in privileged, high-performing high schools. 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Comparing Heroes and Villains in Measure for Measure,...

Comparing Heroes and Villains in Measure for Measure, Othello, and Hamlet According to John Steinbeck, Heroes are innocent; villains are cunning. This statement likely regards the internal aspects of characters, such as intellect, reasoning/motivation, and morality/responsibility, as indicated by consistency in action and/or articulation, as in direct speech or soliloquy. An examination of the heroes and villains in Measure for Measure, Othello, and Hamlet can determine whether Steinbecks generalization is applicable. Although Measure for Measure is not a tragedy by standard conventions, Angelo can be considered a tragic hero since he falls because of his hamartia, hubris. While he fits into Steinbecks generalization of†¦show more content†¦Thus Angelo is not innocent, but rather, guilty of hypocrisy, dishonesty, and wrath. Just as Angelo is not a typical hero, the Duke does not obviously appear the villain of the play, yet he is certainly cunning. Although his motivation for promoting Angelo over Escalus is not clear initially, the Duke creates the scenario to test Angelo, and to use him to improve morality in Vienna. The Duke may set up Angelo to fall because he knows Angelo broke his marriage contract with Mariana, as indicated in his soliloquy of lines 261-82 in act III scene ii, and by Marianas familiarity with him: Here comes a man of comfort, whose advice/Hath often stilld my brawling discontent (9-10, IV.i). In disguising himself as a friar, the Duke gains access to private information, as characters speak uninhibitedly in their confessions and opinions of the Duke. For example, Lucio slanders the Duke to the friar, calling him A very superficial, ignorant, unweighing fellow (139-40, III.ii). Furthermore, to resolve Isabellas predicament, the Duke initiates the bed trick (Ken Tompkins, Shakespea re class), binding Angelo simultaneously to his contract with Mariana, and his promise to free Claudio. This may be dramatic convenience for Shakespeare, but it could also be evidence that the Duke has manipulated all of these characters in a plot against Angelo. The consistency of the Dukes scheming nature is further established when he tests

Legalizing Recreational Drugs Free Essays

A recreational drug is categorized as any substance with pharmacologic effects that is either taken voluntarily for personal pleasure, or for satisfaction rather than for medicinal purposes such as cocaine, marijuana, or ecstasy. These types of drugs are easily found and are used by more than 22 million Americans ages 12 and older; nearly nine percent of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing Recreational Drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now population. If these types of drugs were to be made legal, a positive change in the economy would be the ultimate outcome. In 1961, the United Nations implemented an international treaty that limited drug roduction and trafficking. The â€Å"war on drugs†, a term that was created by Richard Nixon a decade later, in reference to said treaty, has been going on for over fifty years now. The original objective of the â€Å"war on drugs† was to expel all recreational drugs from the country; making all of them illegal. However Just like prohibition in 1920, the establishment of these laws were to save the nation from the problems the substance(s) created. However, also like the prohibition of 1920, the laws only served o create and support organized crime and has done little to effect the public’s usage of the substance(s). The U. S. currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world. The bulk of those imprisoned are due to drug-related crimes. The illegal drug trade has been introducing children and teens toa life of crime. They notice that the minimum wages they would legally receive from their unskilled labor at the local Burger King, is far from what they could earn buying and selling illegal drugs. By the time children nd teenagers leave high school, most of these students have committed a criminal act by using recreational drugs. These drugs are used every day and widely available, people see â€Å"breaking the law’ as nothing more than playful mischief; therefore, undermining our laws authority. In contrast to the spiraling ineffectiveness of the U. S. government’s original approach to controlling the issue of recreational drugs, other countries like New Zealand and Ireland have taken on a new outlook on the matter. Instead of outlawing he use of recreational drugs, they have decided to do extensive research on these drugs, in effect making sure that they are safe for the public’s consumption. They are conducting clinical tests to prove that their products are safe; Just like new medicine would be tested in the market. If our government would go along with this new radical movement and legalized recreational drugs, like these other countries, they would no longer have a â€Å"war on drugs†. The money spent on inmates in Jails would be greatly reduced since we are not arresting people for drug use. Police can use the time currently monopolized on getting drugs off the street for other, more pressing crimes. Schools could teach their students about wise drug usage instead of implementing scare tactics. Tactics such as videos and statistics about drug abuse and its consequences that will only tell you to never purchase or use them are simply in effective; that Just leads to ignorant abuse in the future. All legalized drugs can be sold by trust worthy companies instead of fellow schoolmates or sketchy street dealers. These drugs can be bought legally, by someone of government consented age, in proper packages witn appropriate warning labels; similar to the way that cigarettes and alcohol are. In conclusion, legalizing recreational drugs goes far beyond â€Å"right and wrong† if you look at the issue in a practical manner. The problem of illegal recreational drugs has only been increasing with time. The current policies in place are Just not working. A new, radical approach could be the ultimate solution to the U. S. government’s uphill battle. After all, the legalizing has already begun, hasn’t it? How to cite Legalizing Recreational Drugs, Papers

Juvenile Delinquents Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Juvenile Delinquents Argumentative Essay Deloach 1 Juvenile CriminalsThis newest phenomenon in the world of crime is perhaps the most dangerous challengefacing society and law enforcement ever. They are younger, more brutal, and completelyunafraid of the law. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. Young people, oftenfrom broken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape, robbery,kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damaged young people, often are theproducts of sexual or physical abuse. They live in an aimless and violent present and have nosense of the past and no hope for the future. These young criminals commit unspeakably brutalcrimes against other people, often to gratify whatever urges or desires drive them at the momentand their utter lack of remorse is shocking (Worsham 1997). We will write a custom essay on Juvenile Delinquents Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Studies reveal that the major cause of violent crime is not poverty but family breakdown;specifically, the absence of a father in the household. Today, one-fourth of all the children in theUnited States are living in fatherless homes which adds up to 19 million children without fathers. Compared to children in two parent family homes, these children will be twice as likely to dropout of school, twice as likely to have children out of wedlock, and they stand more than threetimes the chance of ending up in poverty, and almost ten times more likely to commit violentcrime and ending up in jail (Easton 1995). The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, reported that the rise in violent crime over the past 30 years runs directly parallel to the rise infatherless families. In every state in our country, according to the Heritage foundation, the ratefor juvenile crime is closely linked to the percentage of children raised in single-parent families. While it has long been thought that poverty is the primary cause of crime, the facts simply do notsupport this view. Teenage criminal behavior has its roots in habitual deprivation of parentallove and affection going back to early infancy, according to the Heritage Foundation. A fathersattention to his son has enormous positive effects on a boys emotional and social development. Deloach 2But a boy abandoned by his father is deprived of a deep sense of personal security. In awell-functioning family the very presence of the father embodies authority and this paternalauthority is critical to the prevention of psychopathology and delinquency . The overwhelmingcommon factor that can be isolated in determining whether young people will be criminal in theirbehavior is moral poverty, Parker says (Parker 1996). Psychologists can predict by the age of 6 wholl be the super-predators. According toexperts, child abuse and parents addicted to alcohol ruins these childrens lives. Each generationof crime-prone boys has been about three times as dangerous as the one before it. Psychologistsbelieve the downhill slide into utter moral bankruptcy is about to speed up because eachgeneration of youth criminals is growing up in more extreme conditions of moral poverty thanthe one before it. Moral poverty is defined as growing up surrounded by deviant, delinquent, andcriminal adults in abusive, violence-ridden, fatherless, godless, and jobless settings. The super-predator is a breed of criminal so dangerous that even the older inmatesworking their way through life sentences complain that their youthful counterparts are out ofcontrol. Super predators are raised in homes void of loving, capable, responsible adults whoteach you right from wrong. It is the poverty of being without parents, guardians, relatives,friends, teachers, coaches, clergy and others who habituate you to feel joy at others joy, pain atothers pain, happiness when you do right, remorse when you do wrong. It is the poverty ofgrowing up in the virtual absence of people who teach these lessons by their own everydayexample, and who insist that you follow suit and behave accordingly (Zoglin 1996). ?The needto rebuild and resurrect the civil society (families, churches, community groups) of high-crime,drug-plagued urban neighborhoods is not an intellectual or research hypothesis that requirestesting. Its a moral and social imperative that requires doing and doing now (Dui n 1996).? A super predator is actually a young psychopath or psychotic, almost completely without Deloach 3ambition, and are often of below average intelligence. They do not recognize, intellectually orotherwise, any rules of society. While psychopaths and the super-predator both share the inabilityto feel emotion, the psychopath can feign it to achieve a result. The super predator seemscompletely incapable of even that. More interestingly, the super predator is remarkably candid. .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a , .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .postImageUrl , .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a , .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:hover , .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:visited , .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:active { border:0!important; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:active , .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue12f66e30d58b00c7b55b4aa7f26bc9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Analysis EssayThey will more often than not admit not only to their crimes, but also as to the why. They feel asif nothing wrong was done and would do it again if placed in the same situation. When asked what was triggering the explosion of violence among todays young streetcriminals, a group of life-term New Jersey prisoners did not voice the conventional explanationssuch as economic poverty or joblessness. Instead, these hardened men cited the absence of people family, adults, teachers, preachers, coaches who would care enough about young males tonurture and discipline them (Zoglin 1996). Even more shocking than the sheer volume of violentjuvenile crime is the brutality of the crime committed for trivial motives: a pair of sneakers, ajacket, a real or imagined insult, and a momentary cheap thrill. For example: a 59-year-old manout on a morning stroll in Lake Tahoe was fatally shot four times by teenagers looking forsomeone to scare. The police say the four teenagers, just 15 and 16 years old, were thrillshooting. Another example can be the case of a 12-year-old and two other youths were chargedwith kidnapping a 57-year-old man and taking a joy ride in his Toyota. As the man pleaded forhis life, the juveniles shot him to death (Duin 1996). Deloach 4`Works Cited1. Duin, Julia ?Alarm over crime puts focus on our nations moral crisis?., The Washington Times, 11-17-1996, pp 31. 2. Easton, Nina J ?The Crime Doctor Is In; But Not Everyone Likes Professor. JohnDiIulios Message,? There Is No Big Fix; Home Edition., Los Angeles Times, 05-02-1995, pp E-1. 3. Parker, Shafer, Violence With a Youthful Face.., Vol. 23, Alberta Report /Western Report,06-17-1996, pp 27. 4. Richard Zoglin Reported By Sam Allis/Boston And Ratu Kamlani, ?New York, Crime: Now For the Bad News: A Teenage Time Bomb ?, TIME, 01-15-1996, pp 52+. 5. Worsham, James-Blakely, Stephen-al, et, Crime and Drugs., Vol. 85, Nations Business, 02-01-1997, pp 24. BibliographyDeloach 4`Works Cited1. Duin, Julia ?Alarm over crime puts focus on our nations moral crisis?., The Washington Times, 11-17-1996, pp 31. 2. Easton, Nina J ?The Crime Doctor Is In; But Not Everyone Likes Professor. JohnDiIulios Message,? There Is No Big Fix; Home Edition., Los Angeles Times, 05-02-1995, pp E-1. 3. Parker, Shafer, Violence With a Youthful Face.., Vol. 23, Alberta Report /Western Report,06-17-1996, pp 27. 4. Richard Zoglin Reported By Sam Allis/Boston And Ratu Kamlani, ?New York, Crime: Now For the Bad News: A Teenage Time Bomb ?, TIME, 01-15-1996, pp 52+. 5. Worsham, James-Blakely, Stephen-al, et, Crime and Drugs., Vol. 85, Nations Business, 02-01-1997, pp 24. Sociology Essays

Rocky Morris Essays - Playboy, The Playboy Club, Centerfold

Rocky Morris Speech 2060 1:30-2:30 MWF "What Sort of Man Reads Playboy?" "What sort of man reads Playboy? He's a man who turns his leisure time into an adventure...He's a man with a discriminating eye...He's a man who is smart about his future." Playboy-Aug.,Sept.,Oct. 1996 While flipping through the pages of a once controversial but now globally excepted magazine, one will find an interesting advertisement within the covers of Playboy. There is a full page color advertisement that generally depicts a man and at least one woman. The scene within the ad changes with each issue but it is always fresh and upbeat, such as an outdoor scene, an art gallery, or steps at some college campus. Each ad such as this asks the same question, "What sort of man reads Playboy," then continues on to answer itself. After briefly viewing the ad, the common "JOE" might go on his merry way paying the advertisement no attention, being that his only concern is to find the centerfold. Although he may pay no attention to the ad at first, his subconscious is working its will. Common "Joe's" subconscious is telling him that he needs to subscribe to Playboy or at least buy another issue. More than likely the reader will be influenced by the ad at its face value, the subconscious w ill not have to interpret it for him. The advertisement is blunt and it draws on direct feedback, the purchase of another issue. Simply put, Playboy uses shameless visual and written appeals in their self advertisements in attempt to sell more magazines by drawing on mens social concepts. In writing this, it is my goal to decipher the meaning and intentions of this ad so that not only the message will be apparent but also Playboys manipulation of its audience. To every message there is a sender, and in this case it is one of the top ten men's entertainment magazines, Playboy. Service provided from this magazine is visual entertainment for open minded, mature adults. By far, Playboy magazine has been one of Americas forerunners in contributing to this countries social and cultural attitudes. Countless men have turned the pages of this publication; whether it be for the commentaries and articles or for the photography, Playboy has managed to find its way into most mens lives. What truly separates this magazines from other men's magazines is that it is geared towards the bachelor or single man more so than the married one. This is not to say that the married man doesn't have copies of Playboy lying around the house-- it is only to say there is a better chance that he has canceled his subscription. Playboy has even gone as far as to modify its ways to target certain bachelors within each issue. I have obtained three consecutive issues of Playboy consisting of August 1996-October 1996. Each of the magazines contain the same ad, "What sort of man reads Playboy," but each paints a distinctly different picture. The August 1996 issue contained topics such as sports and sex, and women of the Olympics. It just so happened that the "What sort..." ad contained a picture of a man and a woman gazing down from on top of a rock with rock climbing gear on. The October 1996 issue contained photographs of "The Girls of the Big 12" and articles on sex in college and colleg e sports. Coincidentally the "What sort..." ad pictured a college student wearing a lettermen jacket, sitting on some steps (which appeared to be at a university) typing into his laptop. Leaning on him was a gorgeous woman giving him a "wanting look." Along with the full page picture there is also a printed message. Recreation and outdoor-sports enthusiasts were a few of the choice words used in the rock climbing ad while the laptop ad talked about higher education and male college readers. After having been around awhile, Playboy has learned to play the ropes. The interest related topics (Girls of the Big 12) get the interest related audience (college men) who view the interest related ads (college student ad). By now you should be able to see the relationship going on between Playboys self advertisement and what topics and photographs are covered

Child Labor in the USA (1890-1920) essay

Child Labor in the USA (1890-1920) essay Child Labor in the USA (1890-1920) essay Child Labor in the USA (1890-1920) essayThe child labor became one of the most challenging problems in the US by the late 19th – early 20th century. The wide employment of children in the US was driven by the rapid industrialization but the employment of children in the industrial production had a negative impact on their health and deteriorated the public health in the US. The need of the child labor reform became obvious. Therefore, the child labor was widely-applied in the late 19th century but steadily the child labor reform emerged to put the end to unbearable conditions of work of children in American factories and other companies.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The child labor was a common practice in the late 19th century in the US. The major drivers of the wide use of the child labor in the US were the low costs of the child labor force and wide introduction of machinery that decreased the role of the physical power of employees. The low costs of the chi ld labor became attractive for employers, who wanted to save costs of the labor force and started to employ women and children to replace male workers (What Kinds of Work Did People Do in Industrial America). In addition, the introduction of machinery and new equipment allowed replacing the male labor by child labor because the physical force of men was not needed anymore (What Kinds of Work Did People Do in Industrial America). Instead, children could perform the same job. Hence, being as productive and less costly then male employees, child workers became more attractive for employers.At the same time, the child labor was still different from the labor of male workers. To put it more precisely, children still could not perform as much work as male workers did. Nevertheless, children wages were so low that the employment of the larger number of children was still cheaper for employers than the employment of a larger number of male workers.On the other hand, the employment of childr en raised the problem of unbearable conditions of work of children were unbearable. Employers were unaware and just indifferent to conditions of work of children because, if some children left their workplace or died, they could easily employ others because of the high supply of the labor force in the labor market. In such a way, employers did not care about conditions of work of children because they did not affect the productivity of their work and financial performance of factories and other companies employing children. In addition, there was no legislation that regulated the child labor or imposed some liabilities on employers concerning safety or conditions of work for children.However, conditions of work for adult, male employees did not match children’s physiological and psychological needs (Perera, 2014, 1863). Children could not afford working in the same conditions as adult male employees did because they were in the course of their physical development and the wor k in factories and other companies was exhausting and extremely stressful. As a result, children suffered from the negative impact on their physical health and psychological development. Conditions of work were unbearable for children that resulted in the development of chronic illnesses and considerable health problems in children. In this regard, the mortality rate among children and younger population had started to grow consistently along with the progress of industrialization and the growing number of children employees working in the US industrial production. For example, the mortality rate among children under the age of 5 had reached 52% level.The drastic deterioration of the health and longevity among children in the US raised the public concern about the negative impact of employees’ employment in the industrial production of the US. In response to unbearable conditions of work and related health issues, including the high mortality rate among children, the public a nd policy makers had started to develop the child labor reform in the early progressive era, in the late 19th century early 20th century. The reform aimed at the reduction or even total ban of the child labor to secure children and maintain their normal development. In fact, the public opposed to the wide employment of children and the public negative attitude to the child labor was widely-supported by the government and legislators because the child labor had a negative impact on the public health. The deterioration of the public health had a negative impact on the economic development of the US. Therefore, the US society and policy makers came to the point, when the child labor reform became inevitable and first steps toward the ban of the child labor were finally undertaken and eventually put the end to the child labor in the US.Thus, the child labor was damaging for children and society. The US could not afford the child labor because it undermined the economic and social devel opment of the US. The negative impact of the industrial production on children’s health made the child labor reform essential for the US.

Plastic Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Plastic Definition and Examples in Chemistry Have you ever wondered about the chemical composition of plastic or how it is made? Heres a look at what plastic is and how it is formed. Plastic Definition and Composition Plastic is any synthetic or semisynthetic organic polymer. In other words, while other elements might be present, plastics always include carbon and hydrogen. While plastics may be made from just about any organic polymer, most industrial plastic is made from petrochemicals. Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers are the two types of plastic. The name plastic refers to the property of plasticity, the ability to deform without breaking. The polymer used to make a plastic is almost always mixed with additives, including colorants, plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and reinforcements. These additives affect the chemical composition, chemical properties, and mechanical properties of a plastic, along with its cost. Thermosets and Thermoplastics Thermosetting polymers, also known as thermosets, solidify into a permanent shape. They are amorphous and are considered to have infinite molecular weight. Thermoplastics, on the other hand, can be heated and remolded over and over again. Some thermoplastics are amorphous, while some have a partially crystalline structure. Thermoplastics typically have a molecular weight between 20,000 to 500,000 amu. Examples of Plastics Plastics are often referred to by the acronyms for their chemical formulas: Polyethylene terephthalate: PET or PETEHigh-density polyethylene: HDPEPolyvinyl chloride: PVCPolypropylene: PPPolystyrene: PSLow-density polyethylene: LDPE Properties of Plastics The properties of plastics depend on the chemical composition of the subunits, the arrangement of these subunits, and the processing method. All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastic. Plastic polymers consist of chains of linked subunits, called monomers. If identical monomers are joined, it forms a homopolymer. Difference monomers link to form copolymers. Homopolymers and copolymers may be either straight chains or branched chains. Here are some other properties: Plastics are usually solids. They may be amorphous solids, crystalline solids, or semicrystalline solids (crystallites).Plastics are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity. Most are insulators with a high dielectric strength.Glassy polymers tend to be stiff (e.g., polystyrene). However, thin sheets of these polymers can be used as films (e.g., polyethylene).Nearly all plastics display elongation when they are stressed that is not recovered after the stress is removed. This is called creep.  Plastics tend to be durable, with a slow rate of degradation. Interesting Plastic Facts Additional facts about plastics: The first completely synthetic plastic was Bakelite, made in 1907 by Leo Baekeland. Baekeland also coined the word plastics.The word plastic comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means that it can be shaped or molded.Approximately a third of the plastic that is produced is used to make packaging. Another third is used for siding and piping.Pure plastics are generally insoluble in water and nontoxic. However, many of the additives in plastics are toxic and may leach into the environment. Examples of toxic additives include phthalates. Nontoxic polymers may also degrade into chemicals when they are heated.